Linguistics 55						Spring 2009


Problem Set 6:  Indonesian Phrase Structure 2
Due Friday, April 17

Assume that, in the aftermath of Problem Set 4, we have
adopted the following phrase structure rules for Indonesian:


S   ->   NP  { VP }
             {  A }
             { NP }
             { PP }

VP  ->   V  (NP)  (PP)

PP  ->   P   NP

NP  ->   N  (A)  (D)



A.	Modify these phrase structure rules to account for the
following sentences.  Motivate your revised rules in clear,
explicit prose.  Illustrate your revisions with two or
three constituent structures.  Do your revisions reveal some
deeper generalizations in Indonesian phrase structure that were
not apparent in Problem Set 4?  If so, say what they are.  


(1)	Guru ini senang.	`This teacher is happy'
(2)	Guru ini agak senang.	`This teacher is rather happy' 
(3)	*Guru ini agak.		(This teacher is rather)
(4)	Jalan itu jauh.		`That road is far'
(5)	Jalan itu sedikit jauh.	`That road is a bit far'
(6)	*Jalan itu sedikit.	(That road is a bit)
(7)	Rumah itu mahal.		`The house is expensive'
(8)	Rumah itu terlalu mahal.	`The house is too expensive'
(9)	*Rumah itu terlalu.	(The house is too)
(10)	Anak ini kecil.		`This child is small'
(11)	Anak ini amat kecil.	`This child is very small'
(12)	*Anak ini amat.	(This child is very)
(xx)	guru amat senang minum teh
(yy)	perempuan itu lihat agak mahal rumah


B.	Now modify the rules further to account for the following.  Again,
motivate the rules in prose as clearly as you can.  Give two or three 
illustrative constituent structures.


(13)	Perempuan tua ini minum.	`This old woman drank'
(14)	Perempuan tua ini sudah minum.	`This old woman has drunk'
(15)	*Perempuan tua ini sudah.	(This old woman has)
(16)	Guru itu minum teh.		`The teacher drank tea'
(17)	Guru itu sedang minum teh.	`The teacher is drinking tea'
(18)	*Guru itu sedang (teh).		(The teacher is (tea))
(19)	Perempuan itu lihat orang ini.	`The woman saw this person' 
(20)	Perempuan itu harus lihat orang ini.	`The woman must see this person'
(21)	*Perempuan itu harus (orang ini).	(The woman must (this person))
(22)	Perempuan itu duduk di rumah itu.	`The woman sat in the house'
(23)	Perempuan itu sedang duduk di rumah itu.	
		`The woman is sitting in the house'
(24)	Orang itu lihat Jon dekat jalan besar ini.
		`The person saw John near this big road'
(25)	Orang itu sudah lihat Jon dekat jalan besar ini.
		`The person has seen John near this big road'


C.	The following sentences show how various sentence types
are negated in Indonesian.  Revise the phrase structure rules
to account for negative sentences, illustrating your revisions as
before.  In revising the rules, you should assume that the word 
'tidak' belongs to the category Neg.  


(26)	Guru itu tidak minum teh.		`The teacher didn't drink tea'
(27)	Guru itu tidak sedang minum teh.	`The teacher isn't drinking tea'
(28)	*Guru itu sedang tidak minum teh.	(The teacher isn't drinking tea)
(29)	Perempuan itu tidak pergi.		`The woman didn't go'
(30)	Perempuan itu tidak harus pergi.	`The woman doesn't have to go'
(31)	*Perempuan itu harus tidak pergi.	(The woman doesn't have to go)
(32)
(33)	Anak itu tidak kecil.			`The child isn't small'
(34)	Anak itu tidak amat kecil.		`The child isn't very small' 
(35)	*Anak itu amat tidak kecil.		(The child isn't very small)
(36)	Rumah ini tidak mahal.			`This house isn't expensive'
(37)	Rumah ini tidak terlalu mahal.		`This house isn't too expensive'
(38)	*Rumah ini terlalu tidak mahal.		(This house isn't too expensive'
(39)	Restoran itu tidak dekat setasiun.
				`The restaurant isn't near a station'
(40)	Jon tidak dari Amerika.			`John isn't from America'


D.	Focusing on the data in Parts B and C, comment briefly
but explicitly on the new similarities and differences you see
between Indonesian phrase structure and English phrase structure.