Linguistics 55						Spring 2009


Problem Set 4:  Indonesian Phrase Structure
Due Friday, April 10


A.  Using the examples below, construct a grammar for noun
phrases in Indonesian.  Your grammar should consist of (a) a
lexicon and (b) one or more phrase structure rules.  It should generate
all the grammatical noun phrases below, but none of the
ungrammatical ones.  Be sure to say in prose what each phrase
structure rule is intended to do before you formalize it.

(1)	orang			`(a) person'
(2)	orang ini		`this person'
(3)	orang itu		`that person, the person'
(4)	orang kaya		`(a) rich person'
(5)	orang tua itu		`that old person, the old person'
(6)	*ini orang		(this person)
(7)	perempuan 		`(a) woman'
(8)	perempuan ini		`this woman'
(9)	perempuan kaya ini	`this rich woman'
(10)	perempuan senang itu	`that happy woman, the happy woman'
(11)	*itu perempuan		(that woman, the woman)
(12)	*itu senang perempuan	(that happy woman, the happy woman)
(13)	*perempuan itu senang	(that happy woman, the happy woman)
(14)	guru			`(a) teacher'
(15)	guru ini		`this teacher'
(16)	rumah			`(a) house'
(17)	rumah besar		`(a) big house'
(18)	jalan ini		`this road'
(19)	jalan besar ini		`this big road'
(20)	*ini jalan besar	(this big road)
(21)	*ini besar jalan	(this big road)
(22)	jalan baru itu		`that new road, the new road'
(23)	restoran ini		`this restaurant'
(24)	teh itu			`that tea, the tea'


B.  Illustrate
how your grammar works by giving constituent structures for two or
three noun phrases.  Then comment in prose on the similarities
and differences you see between English noun phrases and Indonesian
noun phrases.  

C.  Expand your grammar 
so it accounts for the sentences below -- that is, so it generates
the grammatical examples, but not the ungrammatical ones.  You will need 
to augment your Indonesian lexicon and propose new phrase
structure rules.  Once again, say in words what each new phrase structure
rule is inteded to do before you formalize it.  Illustrate your
revised grammar by giving constituent structures
for one or two sentences.

NOTE:  Henceforth 'itu' will be translated simply as `the'.


(25)	Orang kaya itu duduk.		`The rich person sat'
(26)	Perempuan tua ini minum.	`This old woman drank'
(27)	*Minum perempuan tua ini.	(This old woman drank)
(28)	Guru itu minum teh.		`The teacher drank tea'
(29)	Perempuan itu lihat orang ini.	`The woman saw this person' 
(30)	*Perempuan itu orang ini lihat.	(The woman saw this person)
(31)	Orang ini lihat perempuan itu.	`This person saw the woman' 
		(Not: *The woman saw this person)
(32)	Perempuan itu duduk di rumah itu.	`The woman sat in the house'
(33)	Guru itu duduk di rumah besar.		`The teacher sat in a big house'
(34)	Orang ini duduk dekat jalan itu.	`This person sat near the road'
(35)	Perempuan kaya ini minum teh di rumah baru itu.	
		`This rich woman drank tea in the new house'
(36)	Orang itu lihat guru dekat jalan besar ini.
		`The person saw a teacher near this big road'


D.  Now expand your grammar further so it also accounts for the
following.  Describe your revisions in prose; then formalize
them.  Illustrate by giving constituent structures
for two or three sentences.


(37)	Guru itu senang.		`The teacher is happy'
(38)	Orang tua ini senang.		`This old person is happy'
(39)	*Orang tua senang ini.		(This old person is happy)
(40)	Guru senang itu kaya.		`The happy teacher is rich'
		(Not:  *The rich teacher is happy)
(41)	*Guru itu senang kaya.		(The happy teacher is rich)
(42)	Guru kaya itu senang		`The rich teacher is happy'
(43)	Orang kaya itu perempuan.	`The rich person is a woman'
(44)	Perempuan ini guru.		`This woman is a teacher'
(45)	Perempuan ini guru itu.		`This woman is the teacher'
(46)	Orang itu perempuan kaya.	`The person is a rich woman'
(47)	Orang tua itu perempuan kaya.	`The old person is a rich woman'	
(48)	Orang ini di rumah itu.		`This person is in the house'
(49)	Orang tua itu di rumah besar itu.
		`The old person is in the big house'
(50)	Perempuan senang ini dekat restoran.
		`This happy woman is near a restaurant'
(51)	Guru itu di restoran besar ini.
		`The teacher is in this big restaurant'
(52)	Rumah besar itu dekat jalan baru.
		`The big house is near a new road'
(53)	Teh itu dekat orang tua itu.		`The tea is near the old person'
(54)	*Perempuan kaya ini tua minum.		(This old rich woman drank.)
(55)	*Orang itu dekat restoran duduk.	(The man sat near a restaurant.)


E.  The Indonesian grammar you have arrived at should generate
all the grammatical sentences above, but none of the ungrammatical
ones.  (If your grammar does not succeed at this, revise it until
it does succeed.)  How are your phrase structure rules similar to the English 
phrase structure rules arrived at in class?  How are they different?  Discuss
as precisely, clearly, and explicitly as you can.