Linguistics 55						Spring 2009


Midterm Exam
Due Monday, May 4

I.  Japanese

Formulate a mini-grammar of Japanese that will account for
the sentences below.  Your grammar should consist of: 

	(a) a Lexicon that lists the Japanese words given below, 
	their category type, their meaning, and any other relevant
	information, such as subcategorization;

	(b) a set of Phrase Structure rules; and

	(c) any Form Rules or Transformations that you think are necessary.

WARNING 1:  Japanese exhibits more word order freedom than is shown in the
given examples; but in analyzing the sentences below, you should assume that
the words can occur ONLY in the order (s) in which they are shown.

WARNING 2:  It is possible to regard the small words { ga, o, ni, kara, de, to }
either as suffixes or as prepositions.  (In Japanese grammar, they are usually
called "particles".)  Notice that ga and o are
different from the rest.  Make sure your grammar is explicit about where ga
and o appear.

A.	First formulate a mini-grammar to account for the sentences
below.  Draw trees for (7), (10), and (13).  What is your best
guess about the subcategorization of yatta `gave'?

(1)	saru ga kita.		`the monkey came'
(2)	tegami ga kita.		`a letter came'
(3)	kono tuma ga sinda.	`this wife died'
(4)	ureshii saru ga oyoida.	`the happy monkey swam'
(5)	saru ga ondori o butta.	`the monkey hit the rooster'
(6)	ureshii saru ga tegami o yonda.	`the happy monkey read the letter' 
(7)	sensei ga kono kodomo o sikatta.	`the teacher scolded this child'
(8)	totemo ureshii saru ga Tokyo ni itta.
	`the very happy monkey went to Tokyo'
(9)	kono saru ga Tokyo kara kita.	`this monkey came from Tokyo'
(10)	kono totemo ureshii saru ga kawa de oyoida.
	`this very happy monkey swam in a river'
(11)	kono saru ga totemo ureshii ondori to atta.
	`this monkey met with a very happy rooster'
(12)	saru ga Tokyo de ondori o mita.	`the monkey saw the rooster in Tokyo'
(13)	saru ga ondori ni hon o yatta.	`the monkey gave a book to the rooster'
(14)	saru ga ondori to kuruma de Kobe ni itta.
	`the monkey went to Kobe in a car with the rooster.'


B.	Next revise and expand your grammar to
account for the following.  Give trees for (16) and (19).

(15)	saru ga totemo omosiroi hon o kaita.
	`the monkey wrote a very interesting book'
(16)	ondori kara tegami ga kita.	`a letter from the rooster arrived'
(17)	saru no otoosan ga sinda.	`the monkey's father died.'
(18)	sensei ga saru no kodomo o sikatta.	
		`the teacher scolded the monkey's child'
(19)	saru no atama ga ondori no atama to butukatta.	
		`the monkey's head collided with the rooster's head'
		

C.	Now revise the lexicon and phrase structure rules to 
account for the following.  Give trees for (23) and (26).  What is
your best guess about the subcategorization of suki `fond'?

WARNING 3:  Treat desu and da as different verbs which have the
same translation in English (desu is polite; da is informal).  


(20)	saru ga gakusei desu.	`the monkey is a student'
(21)	saru ga kanemoti desu.	`the monkey is rich'
(22)	yama no ki ga kirei desu.	`the mountains' trees are pretty' 
		(yama `mountain')
(23)	Saru ga ningen no senzo desu.	`the monkey is man's ancestor' 
		(ningen `man')
(24)	saru ga ondori ga suki desu.	`the monkey is fond of the rooster'
(25)   *saru ga suki desu.	(grammatical, but does not mean `the monkey is fond')
(26)	saru ga nihongo ga nigate da.	`the monkey is bad at Japanese'
(27)   *saru ga nigate da.	(grammatical, but does not mean `the monkey is bad')
(28)	saru ga nihongo ga zyoozu da.	`the monkey is good at Japanese'


D.	Discuss briefly the similarities and differences between the phrase
structures of Japanese, Turkish, Indonesian, and English.  Where, in each
language, do the heads of phrases appear?  Where do the arguments appear?
Where do the subjects appear?  Where do the modifiers appear?


E.	Expand your grammar to generate the following sentences.  Describe any
changes or new rules thoroughly.  Also explain why you chose to make the
particular modifications you did.


(29)	ondori wa saru ga butta.	`the monkey hit the rooster'
(30)	tegami wa ureshii saru ga yonda.`the happy monkey read the letter' 
(31)	kono kodomo wa sensei ga sikatta.	`the teacher scolded this child'
(32)	Tokyo ni wa totemo ureshii saru ga itta.
	`the very happy monkey went to Tokyo'
(33)	Tokyo kara wa kono saru ga kita.	`this monkey came from Tokyo'
(34)	kawa de wa kono totemo ureshii saru ga oyoida.
	`this very happy monkey swam in the river'
(35)	totemo ureshii ondori to wa kono saru ga atta.
	`this monkey met with the very happy rooster'
(36)	Tokyo de wa saru ga ondori o mita.
	`the monkey saw the rooster in Tokyo'
(37)	ondori wa saru ga Tokyo de mita.`the monkey saw the rooster in Tokyo'
(38)	hon wa saru ga ondori ni yatta.	`the monkey gave the book to the rooster'
(39)	ondori ni wa saru ga hon o yatta.
	`the monkey gave the book to the rooster'
(40)	ondori to wa saru ga kuruma de Kobe ni itta.
	`the monkey went to Kobe in a car with the rooster.'
(41)	kuruma de wa saru ga ondori to Kobe ni itta.
	`the monkey went to Kobe in a car with the rooster.'
(42)	Kobe ni wa saru ga ondori to kuruma de itta.
	`the monkey went to Kobe in a car with the rooster.'


II. Passive Sentences

In the examples below,
Sentences like like (2), (4), and (6) are called passive sentences.

	(1) The farmer killed the duckling.
	(2) The duckling was killed by the farmer.
	(3) Alice put the papers on the table.
	(4) The papers were put on the table by Alice.
	(5) The committee rejected the proposal.
	(6) The proposal was rejected by the committee.

1.  Does our current grammar generate all of these sentences?  If so,
say how.  If not, say why not.

2.  What form is the main verb taking in these sentences?  Why?

3.  Carefully discuss the lexical restrictions that need to be
stated, taking into account at least the following:

	(7) *They rejected.
	(8)  The proposal was rejected.
	(9) *Alice put on the table.
	(10) The papers were put on the table.
	(11) Bob slept.
	(12)*Bob was being slept.

4.  Work out the details of an analysis in which passive
sentences like (2)(4)(6) are derived by a transformation from
(1)(3)(5) respectively.  State explicitly what the PS rules will be,
and give a precise statement of the transformational rule.
Be sure to discuss how (8) and (10) would be generated.

5.  Now carefully discuss, giving plenty of examples, what lexical
restrictions will be needed under this analysis.

6. a.  What is the ordering relation between your Passive Xn
       and the Verb Form rules?

   b.  What is the ordering relation between your Passive Xn
       and the Pronoun Case rule?


7.  Adopting the analysis you developed in Part 4, show explicitly
how the grammar accounts for:

	(13) They must have been eating breakfast.
	(14) The proposal should have been rejected.
	(15) The children were being mean.
	(16) The windows were being painted.
	(17)*Bob was being slept.
	(18)*Alice put on the table.
	(19) The papers were put on the table.
	(20) Our silverware must have been being repolished.





III.  Show how the following are generated:

	(1)  Were the children mean?
	(2)  Were the children being mean?
	(3)  Were the walls being repainted?
	(4)  Were the pigs not in the mud?
	(5)  Weren't the pigs in the mud?
	(6)  Didn't the farmer give the pigs some slop?
	(7)  Wasn't some slop given to the pigs by the farmer?
	(8)  Were the pigs not given some slop by the farmer?
	(9)  We cooked the monkey up some mush.

Explain why the following are NOT generated:

	(10) *Weren't the dishes put?
	(11) *For what reason did the windows be broken?
	(12) *We cooked the monkey some mush up.