Assignment 3 Turkish Passives, Causatives, and Case The core of this problem is going to be about the analysis of causative constructions in Turkish, though an analysis of passives will be needed along the way. As we shall see, there are interesting interactions with case. There are six cases in Turkish: NOM -0 GEN -(n)In I,A are archiphonemes signifying high and low ACC -(y)I harmonic vowels respectively. The consonants in DAT -(y)A parentheses are buffer consonants that surface LOC -DA when the suffix is attached to a V-final stem. ABL -DAn Warning: This problem assumes you are familiar with the basics of regular Turkish phonology, such as vowel harmony, final stop devoicing, and suffix-initial stop voicing assimilation. There may be other stuff too. If you don't know, you'd better ask. There is a tense/aspect system that you will see very little of in this assignment. Verbs show agreement with subjects, in a way that will be obvious from the examples. You can assume that this agreement reflects the same interaction between finite T and some DP that you are accustomed to. 1. Simple clauses and case: Turkish has normal transitive clauses where the complement of V is Accusative: (1) kIz maymun-u gOr-dU (2) biz maymun-u sat-tI-k girl monkey-ACC see-PST we monkey-ACC sell-PST-1P "The girl saw the monkey" "We sold the monkey" It also has some verbs that idiosyncratically require Dative or Ablative case: (3) kIz maymun-a bak-tI kIz iS-e baSla-dI kIz maymun-dan kork-uyor -DAT -DAT -ABL "the girl looked at the monkey" "began the work" "fears the monkey" The Dative is the normal case for recipients, and the Ablative for sources: (4)a. kIz maymun-a muz-u ver-di b. kIz bakkal-dan muz-u al-dI "the girl gave the banana to the monkey" "... bought the banana from the shop" And there are the usual directional uses as well: (5) bu tren Istanbul'dan Ankara'ya gid-iyor "this train goes from Istanbul to Ankara" Before you start the next part, you should make sure you have a basic theory about the structure of active clauses and how cases are assigned in the examples given above. 2. Passives (1') maymun gOr-Ul-dU (2') maymun sat-Il-dI monkey see-PASS-PST monkey sell-PASS-PST "The monkey was seen" "The monkey was sold" (3') maymun-a bak-Il-dI iS-e baSla-n-dI maymun-dan kork-ul-uyor -PASS -PASS -PASS "the monkey was looked at" "the work was begun" "the monkey is feared" This is indicative of the general pattern, which should not look unfamiliar to you. Here are passives corresponding to (4) and (5): (4') muz maymun-a (kIz tarafIndan) ver-il-di muz bakkal-dan al-In-dI "the banana was given to the monkey (by the girl)" "... was bought from the shop" [I'm not going to provide by-phrases in most examples, but where one is possible (which is not always) it's the active subject in a PP headed by the P 'tarafIndan'.] (5') Istanbul'dan Ankara'ya tren-le gid-il-ir "One goes from Istanbul to Ankara by train" By now you should be able to pick out the passive morpheme. It's a high vowel plus /l/ most of the time, but after an /l/ it's high vowel plus /n/, and after a vowel it's just /n/. That's mild for Turkish allomorphy. It will be of interest that there are passives of intransitives: (6) harp-ler-de Cok Ol-Un-Uyor sokak-ta koS-ul-ma-z "too much dying happens in wars" "no running in the street" (But you should have guessed that from (3), (4), and (5).) Now would be a good time to make sure you have a theory of passives, and case assignment in passives. Again, none of this should be particularly new. The location of the passive morpheme might be interesting, and how verbs get formed. 3. Causatives You have seen some causative constructions in English. Turkish has a particularly productive causative construction, involving a morpheme that surfaces as a suffix on the verb and has very particular allomorphy. I would love to make you figure it out for yourselves, but since our concern here is mainly syntax, I'll just tell you: the causative morpheme is -t after polysyllabic stems ending in {V, l,r} -DIr otherwise Watch for these alternations in the examples below. (7) maymun Ol-dU ben maymun-u Ol-dUr-dU-m monkey die-PST I monkey-ACC die-CAUS-PST-1SG "the monkey died" "I killed the monkey" (8) ben kIz-a maymun-u sat-tIr-dI-m I girl-DAT monkey-ACC sell-CAUS-PST-1SG "I made the girl sell the monkey" You can take these examples as indicative of what happens in causatives of intransitives and transitives respectively. Here are some more examples: (9) kIz-I maymun-a bak-tIr-dI-m -ACC -DAT "I made/had/let the girl look at the monkey" (10) kIz-I iS-e baSla-n-dIr-dI-m -ACC -DAT "I made/had/let the girl begin the work" (11) kIz-I maymun-dan kork-tur-uyor-um -ACC -ABL "I am making the girl fear the monkey" (12) *kIz-a maymun-a muz-u ver-dir-di-m [In case you're wondering, there is no way to causativize (4a).] (13) kIz-a bakkal-dan muz-u al-dIr-dI-m "I had the girl buy the banana from the shop" In general, a causative may be formed from a causative: (14) Siz ban-a maymun-u Ol-dUr-t-tU-nUz. You me-DAT -ACC die-CAUS-CAUS-PST-2PL "You made me kill the monkey" (15) BaSbakan Ol-dUr-t-tUr-Ul-du. "The prime minister was had had killed" [I.e., somebody had somebody have somebody kill the prime minister.] But there are some constraints. While the active corresponding to (15) is good: (16) MafyalIlar baSbakan-I Ol-dUr-t-tUr-dU-ler The Mafiosi had someone have someone kill the prime minister" There's no way to put all the intermediate agents in: (17) *MafyalIlar BUyUk Orhan-I kiralik katil-e baSbakan-I Ol-dur-t-tUr-dU-ler Big Orhan-ACC hired assassin-DAT -ACC [No other combination of case markings will work either.] By now you should have enough to work out an analysis of causatives and how case marking works in causatives. If you need more information, better ask for it. 4. Causatives and Passives and Case You have already seen one example of Causative interacting with Passive. Here are a few more: (18) kIz maymun-a bak-tIr-Il-dI "the girl was made to look at the monkey" (19) ben iS-e baSla-t-Il-dI-m "I was made to begin the work" (20) sen maymun-dan kork-tur-ul-uyor-sun "you are being made to fear the monkey" (21) *muz kIz-a maymun-a ver-dir-il-di [But, oddly, muz maymun-a ver-dir-il-di is OK.] (22) muz (*ban-a) kIz-a bakkal-dan al-dIr-Il-dI One last bit of knowledge: there is no way to causativize a passive: (23) *maymun-u gOr-Ul-t-tU-m (24) *maymun-u sat-Il-t-tI-nIz (3) *maymun-a bak-Il-t-tI-m *iS-e baSla-n-dIr-dI-k *maymun-dan kork-ul-t-uyor-uz Make sure your analysis accounts for that.