Syntax 3							Fall 2018
Assignment 4							Due Tuesday October 23
Group Assignment

Deep and Surface Anaphora

Read Hankamer & Sag, "Deep and Surface Anaphora".  That is posted
on the course web site.

In reading it, bear in mind that it was written in the 70's (before
you were born).  Some things have changed.  But the central concerns
have remained relevant.

A couple of notions that have changed a bit but have always remained
interesting:

	The concept of (c-)command:

	A node A c-commands a node B iff
		(a)	A does not dominate B
	and	(b)	A's mother dominates B

For exercise, Draw some trees and see what c-commands what.  Does the subject
of a sentence (in surface structure) c-command the VP?  Does a V c-command
its direct object?  In "the puppy with a waggly tail", does the D 'the'
c-command the DP "a waggly tail"?  Don't include this in your writeup.

Another concept from that time is the Backward Anaphora Constraint (BAC).
Essentially, it said that an anaphor could not both precede and command
its antecedent.  We might be able to improve on that, but that is up to
you.  (How does this relate to Condition C of the Binding Theory?)

Your assignment is first to read the Hankamer & Sag paper, taking careful
note of what you understand and what you don't understand (especially the
latter).  Be ready to ask questions and have discussions during the
coming week.

Make an inventory of the anaphoric processes ("phenomena" might be a better
word) discussed in the paper.  For three of those processes, find out the
answer to the following questions:

	1.  Is it bounded?
	2.  Can it go backward?
	3.  Does it obey island constraints?
	4.  If it's deep anaphora, does the anaphor always substitute for a constituent?
	    If it's surface anaphora, does it always elide a constituent?

Write this up, as a group, and be ready to discuss findings (and questions)
on Tuesday.

NOTE: The original version of this question said all of the processes.  I'm now
telling each group to choose three; but the groups should adjust their choices so
that all of the processes get treated.