Syntax 3							Fall 2021
Assignment 3							Due Thursday October 14
Group Assignment

Deep and Surface Anaphora

First read parts of Hankamer & Sag 1976, "Deep and Surface Anaphora".  That is posted
on the course web site and on Canvas.  The parts to read are sections 0-3 and 6.  Skip
sections 4 and 5.

In reading it, bear in mind that it was written in the 70's (before
you were born).  Some things have changed.  But the central concerns
have remained relevant.

A couple of notions that have changed a bit but have always remained
interesting:

	The concept of (c-)command:

	A node A c-commands a node B iff
		(a)	A does not dominate B
	and	(b)	A's mother dominates B

For exercise, Draw some trees and see what c-commands what.  Does the subject
of a sentence (in surface structure) c-command the VP?  Does a V c-command
its direct object?  In "the puppy with a waggly tail", does the D 'the'
c-command the DP "a waggly tail"?  Don't include this in your writeup.

Another concept from that time is the Backward Anaphora Constraint (BAC).
Essentially, it said that an anaphor could not both precede and command
its antecedent.  We might be able to improve on that, but that is up to
you.  (How does this relate to Condition C of the Binding Theory?)

Your assignment is first to read the indicated parts of the Hankamer & Sag paper,
taking careful note of what you understand and what you don't understand
(especially the latter).  Be ready to ask questions and have discussions
on Monday.

Make an inventory of the anaphoric processes ("phenomena" might be a better
word) discussed in the parts of the paper that you read.  For each of those
processes, find out the answer to the following questions:

	1.  Is it bounded?
	2.  Can it go backward?
	3.  Does it obey island constraints?
	4.  If it's deep anaphora, does the anaphor always substitute for a constituent?
	    If it's surface anaphora, does it always elide a constituent?

Write this up, as a group, and be ready to discuss findings (and questions)
on Thursday (October 14).