Assignment 8: Spanish Acrobatic Clitics (These examples are in normal Spanish orthography, except that the accent mark (/'/) and the tilde ('~') come after the letter they affect.) There are numerous varieties of Spanish, differing in phonology, in syntax, and in morphology. The data presented here are believed to be representative of all Spanishes, which we will henceforth call "Spanish". (Though some of the vocabulary may be regional.) I. Nominal phrases (1) el gato negro 'the black cat' (2) el gato blanco 'the white cat' (3) la mano sucia 'the dirty hand' (4) un tema importante 'an important topic' (5) una vaca loca 'a crazy cow' (6) un toro enojado 'an irritated bull' (7) un gallo grande 'a big rooster' (8) una mano verde 'a green hand' (9) la ca'rcel grande 'the big prison' (10) una ca'rcel sucia 'a dirty prison' (11) un gato loco 'a crazy cat' (12) la gallina blanca 'the white chicken' (13) el mono sucio 'the dirty monkey' (14) una casa grande y cara 'a large and expensive house' (15) el cielo azul 'the blue sky' (16) la vaca azul 'the blue cow' (17) el turista loco 'the crazy tourist' (18) la carne buena 'the good meat' Propose a syntactic structure, list the nouns, adjectives, and determiners, and tell a story about gender that accounts for all the alternations that you see. Here are the plurals of the above phrases: (19) los gatos negros 'the black cats' (20) los gatos blancos 'the white cats' (21) las manos sucias 'the dirty hands' (22) unos temas importantes 'some important topics' (23) unas vacas locas 'some crazy cows' (24) unos toros enojados 'some irritated bulls' (25) unos gallos grandes 'some big roosters' (26) unas manos verdes 'some green hands' (27) las ca'rceles grandes 'the big prisons' (28) unas ca'rceles sucias 'some dirty prisons' (29) unos gatos locos 'some crazy cats' (30) las gallinas blancas 'the white chickens' (31) los monos sucios 'the dirty monkeys' (32) casas grandes y caras 'large and expensive houses' (33) los cielos azules 'the blue skies' (34) las vacas azules 'the blue cows' (35) los turistas locos 'the crazy tourists' (36) las carnes buenas 'the good meats' Tell a story about the plural. (Your story should contain explicit rules. We're building a generative grammar here. So tell me where [plural] is in the deep structure, and how it gets there. And everything else you need to say.) II. Some simple sentences [NOTE: Spanish has several Modals, two of which are deber 'must' and poder 'can'; their tense and agreement forms are a little bit irregular. Spanish also has two verbs that correspond to English 'be': ser and estar. Their uses are different. Estar can always be distinguished, because in all of its forms it always starts with est-; ser is more variable. Finally, Spanish has an auxliary verb corresponding to English have1: its infinitive is haber.] In the examples with multiple verbs, no other order of verbs is possible. Assume that no ('not') cannot appear in any other place in these examples. Aside from various forms that show tense and agreement, verbs in Spanish have the following (mostly predictable) forms: gloss infinitive past participle present participle be ser sido siendo be estar estado estando love amar amado amando run correr corrido corriendo have tener tenido teniendo talk hablar hablado hablando There are basically three kinds of Verbs, plus a lot of irregular ones. Here are three regular ones, conjugated in the present indicative: sg pl inf gloss 1 hablo hablamos hablar speak 2 hablas habla'is 3 habla hablan 1 como comemos comer eat 2 comes come'is 3 come comen 1 resisto resistimos resistir resist 2 resistes resisti's 3 resiste resisten Do you want to speculate about the basic difference between these verbs? Here are examples of the 'hablar' forms, with their pronouns: 1 yo hablo nosotros/nosotras hablamos 2 tu' hablas vosotros/vosotras habla'is 3 e'l/ella habla ellos/ellas hablan MASC/FEM MASC/FEM Here are the sentences: A. (1) La gallina loca tiene una cinta azul. "The crazy chicken has a blue ribbon." (2) Mis monos azules no comen carne. "My blue monkeys don't eat meat." (3) Las vacas locas corren en el llano extenso. "The crazy cows run in the broad plain." (4) La carne de las vacas locas no es buena para los nin~os. "The meat of the crazy cows is not good for children." (5) Mi vaca loca corre. (5') Mis vacas corren en el llano. "My crazy cow runs" "My cows run in the plain" (6) Tu vaca corrio'. (6') Nuestras vacas locas corrieron como diablos. "Your cow ran" "Our crazy cows ran like devils" (7) El coronel grita. (7') Muchos coroneles gritan. "The colonel yells" "Many colonels yell" (8) El coronel loco grito' en su cocina. "The crazy colonel yelled in his kitchen" (9) Ambos coroneles gritaron a los soldados. "Both colonels yelled at the soldiers" (10) Tus monos gordos comieron sus bananas. "Your fat monkeys ate their bananas" (11) Los monos comieron las bananas gigantes. "The monkeys ate the giant bananas" (12) La muchacha tiene una cara bastante bella. "The girl has a quite pretty face" (13) Las muchachas tienen rosas en las manos. "The girls have roses in the hands" (14) El mono gordo le dio el pla'tano muy caro a la muchacha bella. "The fat monkey gave the very expensive banana to the beautiful girl" (15) Los gallinazos horribles con alas amplias comieron el cuerpo del mono muerto. "The horrible buzzards with wide wings ate the body of the dead monkey" (16) El mono rompio' las ventanas. "The monkey broke the windows" (17) La muchacha habla de la paz. (17') La muchacha le habla al mono. "The girl speaks of peace" "The girl talks to the monkey" (18) La muchacha habla del tema [al = a el (a contraction)] "The girl talks about the subject" [del = de el (ditto) ] Based on the above, what can you say at this point about Spanish syntax? B. Extend your grammar to account for the following: (19) Roberto puede comer las papas. "Roberto can eat the potatoes" (20) El coronel no grito' a los soldados. "The colonel did not yell at the soldiers" (21) El gato esta' comiendo la trucha. "The cat is eating the trout" (22) El gato no esta' comiendo la trucha. "The cat is not eating the trout" (23) La vaca (no) esta' corriendo. "The cow is (not) running" (24) El mono (no) ha comido el pla'tano. "The monkey has (not) eaten the banana" (25) El mono (no) ha estado comiendo los pla'tanos. "The monkey has (not) been eating the bananas" (26) El mono no debe estar comiendo los pla'tanos. "The monkey should not be eating the bananas" (27) El mono no puede estar comiendo los pla'tanos. "The monkey can't be eating the bananas" (28) El mono no puede haber estado comiendo los pla'tanos. "The monkey can't have been eating the bananas" (29) *El mono (no) es comiendo la trucha. Say what you have to say about phrase structure, selection, and any relevant transformations to account for these facts. Particularly, what do you have to say about verb forms? III. The following examples exhibit a case marking phenomenon. Describe it carefully, and then write a rule (a Xn or a Form Rule) to account for the occurrence of the Preposition/Particle a). (Do not put it in the PS rules; that would be a mistake.) We will call this rule a-insertion. (1) Juan vio el pla'tano. *Juan vio al pla'tano. "Juan saw the banana" (2) Juan vio a la chica. *Juan vio la chica. "Juan saw the girl" (3) El mono rompio' la ventana. El mono vio al coronel. "The monkey broke the window" "The monkey saw the colonel" (4) Juan ama a Mari'a. *Juan ama Mari'a. "Juan loves Maria" (5) Mari'a ama a Juan. *Mari'a ama Juan. "Maria loves Juan" IV. Pronouns You have now seen pronouns in their genitive ("possessive") and nominative forms. Here they are as objects of prepositions: (1) Yo hablo con e'l. (0) Tu esta's hablando de ellos. "I talk with him." You are talking about them[MASC]." (2) E'l comparte el tamal con ella. "He shares the tamale with her." (3) Vosotros echasteis agua sobre mi'. "You poured water over me." (4) Los vecinos presentan quejas contra ti. "the neighbors make complaints about you." (5) Yo presento quejas contra ellos. "I make complaints about them." (6) Nosotros no vamos a echar agua sobre vosotros. "We are not going to pour water over you." (7) Ellas no esta'n presentando quejas contra nosotros. "They (FEM) are not making complaints against us." (8) Nosotros no estamos presentando quejas contra ellas. "We are not making complaints against them[FEM]." Make a table of the forms of pronouns. What can you say about where the different forms occur? V. Clitic pronouns (1) La gallina tiene la cinta azul. "The chicken has the blue ribbon." La gallina la tiene. *La gallina tiene la. "The chicken has it." (2) Mis monos no comen carne. "My monkeys don't eat meat." Mis monos no la comen. *Mis monos no comen la. "My Monkeys don't eat it." (3) Tus monos comieron sus bananas. "Your monkeys ate their bananas" (4) Tus monos las comieron. *Tus monos comieron las. "Your monkeys ate them." (5) Las muchachas tienen rosas en las manos. "The girls have roses in the hands" (6) Las muchachas las tienen en las manos. *Las muchachas tienen las en las manos.' "The girls have them in their hands." (7) El mono le dio el pla'tano a la muchacha. "The monkey gave the banana to the girl" (8) El mono se lo dio a la muchacha. *El mono dio lo a la muchacha." "The monkey gave it to the girl" (9) El mono le dio el pla'tano. *El mono dio el pla'tano le." "The monkey gave her the banana." (10) Los gallinazos horribles con alas amplias lo comieron. "The horrible buzzards with wide wings ate it." (11) El mono rompio' las ventanas. "The monkey broke the windows" (12) El mono las rompio'. (13) No me vio. "He didn't see me." (14) No te ha visto. "He hasn't seen you." (15) Me presto' un libro. "She lent me a book." (16) Te preste' un libro. "I lent you a book." (17) Tu' me esta's prestando un libro (a mi'). "You are lending a book to me." (18) Yo te estoy prestando un libro (a ti). "I am lending a book to you." (19) Me esta's prestando un libro. "You are lending me a book." (20) Te estoy prestando un libro. "I am lending you a book." (21) Le estoy prestando un libro. "I am lending her/him a book." (22) Os estoy prestando un libro. "I am lending you[PL] a book." Make a table of the forms of the clitic pronouns. State a rule to account for where they occur in the sentence. Throughout, there are hints that there is something special about the Dative. What is it? On the basis of this, you should have some evidence that the 'a' in Section III is *not* a Dative marker. What is that evidence? VI. Now continue your investigation, taking into account the following: (1) esta's presta'ndome un libro. [SAME INTERPRETATIONS] (2) estoy presta'ndote un libro. (3) estoy presta'ndole un libro. (4) estoy presta'ndoos un libro. (5) Roberto puede comer las papas. Roberto puede comerlas. Roberto las puede comer. "Roberto can eat the potatoes" (6) Roberto no puede comer las papas. "Roberto cannot eat the potatoes" (7) El coronel no grito' a los soldados. "The colonel did not yell at the soldiers" (8) El coronel no les grito'. *El coronel no grito'les. "The colonel did not yell at them" (9) El gato esta' comiendo la trucha. (10) El gato esta' comie'ndola. (11) El gato la esta' comiendo. "The cat is eating the trout" (12) El mono (no) ha comido el pla'tano. (13) El mono (no) lo ha comido. *El mono (no) ha comidolo. (14) El mono (no) ha comido el pla'tano. "The monkey has (not) eaten the banana" (15) El mono (no) ha estado comiendo los pla'tanos. (16) El mono (no) los ha estado comiendo. (17) El mono (no) ha estado comie'ndolos. (18) *El mono (no) ha estadolos comiendo. "The monkey has (not) been eating the bananas" (19) El mono no debe estar comiendo los pla'tanos. (20) El mono no debe estar comie'ndolos. (21) El mono no los debe estar comiendo. (22) ... no debe estarlos comiendo. "The monkey should not be eating the bananas" (23) El mono no puede haber estado comiendo los pla'tanos. (24) El mono no puede haber estado comiendolos. (25) El mono no los puede haber estado comiendo. (26) *El mono no puede haber estadolos comiendo. "The monkey can't have been eating the bananas" (27) El mono no puede haberlos estado comiendo. What do you have to say now about the position of clitics? What questions do you have? VII. The reflexive clitic (1) Juan se critico'. "Juan criticised himself." (2) Juana se critico'. "Juana criticised herself." (3) Ellos se criticaron. "They[MASC] criticised themselves/each other." (4) Ellas se criticaron. "They[FEM] criticised themselves/each other." This clitic is only used for the third person. The first and second person reflexive clitics are as follows: (5) Yo me critique'. ['qu' is how you spell a hard 'c' before a front vowel] (6) Tu te criticaste. (7) Nosotros nos criticamos. (8) Vosotros os critica'is. State the simplest rule you can for the shape of the reflexive clitic. VIII. Spurious se (1) El mono gordo le dio el pla'tano muy caro a la muchacha bella. "The fat monkey gave the very expensive banana to the beautiful girl" (2) El mono gordo se lo dio a la muchacha bella. (3) El mono gordo le dio el pla'tano muy caro. (4) El mono gordo se lo dio. (5) *El mono gordo le lo dio. (6) Lo pague'. "I paid it." (7) Le pague'. "I paid him." (8) *Le lo pague'. (9) *Lo le pague'. (10) Se lo pague'. "I paid him for it." (11) *Les lo pague'. (12) Se lo pague'. "I paid them for it." (13) Te lo pague'. "I paid you for it." (14) Os lo pague'. "I paid you[PL] for it." What do these facts show you about the shape of the Dative clitic? Now restate your rules for the shape of the clitic pronouns in the simplest way possible. IX. A clitic ordering puzzle (1) Te escapaste del mono. "You escaped from the monkey." (2) Te escapaste. "You escaped." (3) Te le escapaste. "You escaped from him." (4) Te me escapaste. "You escaped from me." (5) Te nos escapaste. "You escaped from us." (6) *Le/me/nos te escapaste. (7) Me escape' del mono. "I escaped from the monkey." (8) Me escape'. "I escaped." (9) Me le escape'. "I escaped from him." (10) *Me te escape'. "I escaped from you." (11) Me les escape'. "I escaped from them." (12) Quieren quita'rteme. "They want to steal you from me." (13) Quieren quita'rtenos. "They want to steal you from us." (14) *Quieren quita'rmete. (15) *Quieren quita'rnoste. (16) Da'melo. *Me lo da. "Give it to me." (17) *Da'lome. (18) No queri'a presta'rmelo. "She didn't want to lend it to me." (19) *No queri'a presta'rlome. (20) No me lo queri'a prestar. (21) *No lo me queri'a prestar. These sentences show something interesting about the ordering of clitics. See if you can figure it out. Tell the whole story about clitic pronouns.